ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AC

FOR ALL ITEMS OR PARTS THAT YOU WANT THAT ARE NOT ON THE WEBSITE INCLUDE PHOTOS.  HERE IS SOMETHING WE HAVE LEARNED THAT WILL SAVE ALL OF US TIME.   IN THIS DAY AND AGE PHOTO INFORMATION IS ABOUT 10 TIMES AS POWERFUL AS TEXT AND ABOUT 5 TIMES AS POWERFUL AS VOICE COMMUNICATION.  PHOTOS ARE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE.  SEND PHOTOS IF AT ALL POSSIBLE.  IF YOU CANNOT FIND THE NUMBERS SEND PHOTOS AND A TEXT DESCRIPTION WITH DIMENSIONS THE BEST THAT YOU CAN.  WE HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE ON SOME MACHINES THAT DATA PLATES, IDENTITY TAGS AND NUMBERS ARE LOST OR CANNOT BE READ.  WHEN YOU SEND PHOTOS WE CAN EMAIL THEM TO OUR NETWORK AND MANY MORE PEOPLE TAKE AN INTEREST AND FIND IT MUCH EASIER TO UNDERSTAND AND FORWARD TO OTHERS IN ATTEMPTS TO FIND ITEMS AND PARTS FOR YOU.  SEND PHOTOS FOR REASONABLE LOCATION AND ESTIMATES. 

AN ASTERISK (ALSO KNOWN AS "STAR") "*" MEANS THAT WE SEE THAT THERE IS IMPORTANT AND HELPFUL DETAIL MISSING OR THE ACCURACY IS IN QUESTION.  IN MOST CASES WE ARE TRYING TO CLARIFY AND CONFIRM OBJECTIVE DETAILS AND WILL UPDATE AS WE GET MORE INFORMATION. 

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WE HAVE CHECKED, PERSONALLY USE AND RECOMMEND THE PRODUCTS IN THESE LINKS. 

LIMITED WARRANTIES AND GUARANTIES:  ALL ITEMS ARE SOLD AS IS WHERE IS.   IT IS NOT PRACTICAL TO SHIP MOST ITEMS ESPECIALLY MACHINERY ITEMS GREAT DISTANCES EVEN BETWEEN STATES AND ESPECIALLY  BETWEEN COUNTRIES BUT THESE STATEMENTS SHOW THAT THE ITEMS ARE BETTER QUALITY AND WILL PROBABLY BE REASONABLY TROUBLE FREE WHEN PROPERLY MAINTAINED.  

EVEN IF WE BUY A CAR IN THE U.S. IT HAS TO BE DELIVERED BACK TO THE DEALER OR AN AUTHORIZED SERVICE PROVIDER WHERE A DETERMINATION CAN BE MADE THAT A  PROBLEM IS DUE TO A DEFECT IN MATERIALS OR WORKMANSHIP AND IS NOT DUE TO LACK OF PROPER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.   ITEMS USED FOR COMMERCIAL BUSINESS ARE SELDOM WARRANTED TO THE SAME STANDARD AND ARE, IN FACT,  USUALLY EXCLUDED FROM WARRANTY.   VERY FEW ITEMS HAVE A NATIONAL AUTHORIZED SERVICE NETWORK THAT IS PRACTICAL WHEN WE CONSIDER OUR "DOWN TIME" AND EVEN FEWER HAVE INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS.   OUR BEST GUARANTEE IS TO PROPERLY OPERATE AND MAINTAIN WHAT WE BUY AND IT WILL BE CHEAPER OVER TIME AND IN MOST CASES MUCH OF OUR PROFIT MARGIN.  

MOTIVATED RESPONSIBLE PERSONS ARE REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN EVERYTHING EVEN PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS.  THIS IS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BECAUSE SPARE PARTS AND EXPERIENCED SERVICE ARE NOT AS AVAILABLE.  MOST AMERICAN BUSINESSES BUY USED EQUIPMENT WHENEVER THEY CAN AND MAINTAIN IT THEMSELVES ESPECIALLY WHEN THEY ARE GROWING.  THE NEW EQUIPMENT IS OFTEN TOO EXPENSIVE AND STILL HAS TO BE OPERATED AND MAINTAINED PROPERLY FROM THE FIRST DAY OR THE DOWN TIME PUTS US OUT OF PROFITABLE BUSINESS.  IF WE DO NOT HAVE TIME TO "DO IT RIGHT" WHEN WILL WE FIND TIME "TO DO IT OVER".  

HELPFUL ELECTRICAL INFORMATION:  INFORMATION IS THE MOST POWERFUL TOOL. 

1.     ELECTRIC MOTORS ESPECIALLY AIR CONDITIONING COMPRESSORS REQUIRE USUALLY 2 TO AS HIGH AS  3 TIMES THEIR RATED AMPERAGE TO START.  IF LESS AMPERAGE IS AVAILABLE OVER EVEN A SMALL NUMBER OF CYCLES PERMANENT  DAMAGE USUALLY OCCURS TO THE ELECTRIC MOTOR WINDINGS.  FLICKERING AND DIMMING DOWN OF LIGHTS AND SLOWING DOWN OF MOTORS WILL OCCUR AS A SYSTEM TAKES ON AN EXTRA LOAD ESPECIALLY WHEN IT IS GETTING EXCESSIVELY OVERLOADED.  COMPUTERS MUST HAVE A UPS WHEN WORKING WITH MOST GENERATORS.  A SMALL SURGE IN DEMAND WILL CAUSE A MOMENTARY DROP IN POWER THAT WILL CAUSE A COMPUTER TO SHUT DOWN AND RESTART.

2.      KW:  KILO WATT(S) OR  1,000 WATTS IS A MEASURE OF CAPACITY WHICH IS THE VOLTAGE FOR THE SYSTEM LIKE 120 VOLTS OR 240 VOLTS TIMES THE AMPERAGE OF THE LIGHTS AND  APPLIANCES THAT ARE IN THE SYSTEM.  TEN 100 WATT LIGHTS IN A 120 VOLT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM WOULD REQUIRE ABOUT 1200 WATTS OR 1.2 KW(S) (THE "S" IS NOT WRITTEN BUT WOULD BE THE PLURAL WHEN SPEAKING IN ENGLISH).  WE ALSO SEE 110 VOLTS AND 220 VOLTS,  115 VOLTS AND 230 VOLTS.  THERE ARE A LOT OF VARIABLES SO IT IS PRACTICAL TO USE 120 VOLTS AND 240 VOLTS AS THE COMMON HOUSEHOLD VOLTAGES.  THIS WAY THERE IS A LITTLE EXCESS CAPACITY POTENTIAL.   

2.1.    1 KW = 1.341 U.S. HP (HORSEPOWER);  U.S. HP X 1.016 = METRIC HP;  KW RATHER THAN HP IS USED FOR ENGINE AND MOTOR  CAPACITY, OUTPUT OR POWER IN ABOUT 50% OF THE WORLD; THE TREND AND  LOGIC IS TOWARD KW BEING THE UNIVERSAL POWER RATING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.  

2.2.    KVA:  KILO VOLT AMPS IS ANOTHER TERM THAT IS USED TO RATE THE CAPACITY OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OR GENERATOR CAPACITY.  1 KVA IS NOT EXACTLY DEFINED BUT WE HAVE FOUND IT IS USUALLY ABOUT 20% HIGHER THAN THE KW OF A GENERATOR.  FOR EXAMPLE 25 KW WILL OFTEN HAVE A 30 KVA ON THE DATA PLATE.  THE KW IS THE BETTER NUMBER TO GO BY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE POTENTIAL OUTPUT CAN BE.  KVA HIGHER THAN KW USUALLY MEANS GREATER SURGE CAPACITY AND TOUGHER MACHINE , WIRING AND OTHER COMPONENTS ARE HEAVIER. A 170 KW, 213 KVA IS USUALLY 25% TOUGHER THAN A MACHINE RATED JUST 175 KW.

2.3.    MW:  MEGA WATT(S), 1 MW = 1,000 KW; 5 MW = 5,000 KW;  OVER 1000 MW GIGA WATTS IS USED;

2.4.    GW:  GIGA WATT(S), 1 GW = 1,000 MW;

3.      120 VOLTS HAS TWO WIRES ONE GROUND, NEUTRAL OR NEGATIVE (USUALLY WHITE COLOR   AND ONE POSITIVE (USUALLY BLACK COLOR).  THERE IS USUALLY A SAFETY GROUND WIRE (BARE COPPER OR WITH GREEN COATING, 3 WIRES TOTAL).  

3.1.   240 VOLTS HAS AN EXTRA POSITIVE WIRE (USUALLY RED COLOR).  THE 2 POSITIVE WIRES OF 120 VOLTS EACH, ADDED TOGETHER,  MAKE THE 240 VOLTS.   220 VOLTS WOULD BE 2 POSITIVE WIRES OF 110 VOLTS EACH.  (BLACK, RED, WHITE AND GREEN, 4 WIRES TOTAL)

4.      AMPERAGE IS THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE WIRE OR THE SYSTEM,  AND ALSO THE POWER  REQUIREMENT OF A LIGHT OR APPLIANCE.  THE HIGHER AMPERAGE REQUIRES THICKER WIRES.  HIGHER VOLTAGE SYSTEMS REQUIRE LESS AMPERAGE AND THINNER WIRES TO DO THE SAME WORK.  SOME MACHINES NEED SO MUCH POWER THAT THE VOLTAGE HAS TO BE VERY HIGH TO CARRY SUFFICIENT AMPERAGE IN REASONABLY SIZED WIRES.

5.      A GENERATOR THAT PRODUCES 10,000 WATTS WOULD PRODUCE 83.34 AMPS AT 120 VOLTS AND 41.67 AMPS AT 240 VOLTS.  A 200 AMP CAPACITY HOME ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (STANDARD IN THE U.S.), TO RUN AS CLOSE TO NORMAL AS POSSIBLE,  WOULD REQUIRE ABOUT A 40 KW GENERATOR.  24 KW FOR 100 AMPS OF 240 VOLT APPLIANCES AND 12 KW FOR 100 AMPS OF 120 VOLT LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES.  GIVE THE CHILDREN A GOOD LIFE EXPERIENCE AND HELP MORE IN THEIR EDUCATION.  HAVE THEM ADD UP ALL THE ELECTRICAL LOADS YOU HAVE IN YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS, CALCULATE THE GENERATOR REQUIREMENTS AND PLAN WHAT TO CYCLE ON AND OFF TO STAY WITHIN YOUR ELECTRICAL BUDGET LIMIT WHEN THERE IS AN ELECTRICAL SHORTAGE.  LOOK FOR THE VOLTAGE AND AMPERAGE REQUIRED ON THE DATA PLATE OR  LABEL OF EVERY ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE. 

6      SURGE LOAD OR SHORT TERM HIGHER AMPERAGE REQUIREMENT, USUALLY ONLY A FEW SECONDS, CAN BE HANDLED BY MOST GENERATORS FROM 12 TO 25 % ABOVE RATED KW.  THE PUBLIC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OR GRID ALSO EXPERIENCES A SIMILAR PROBLEM BUT OVER MINUTES OR MANY MINUTES AS PEOPLE DO SIMILAR THINGS IN HOUSEHOLDS OR BUSINESSES IN A LOCAL, REGIONAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AREA.  THE PUBLIC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM HANDLES THIS BY SLIGHTLY LOWER TO SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER VOLTAGE AND AMPERAGE BEING AVAILABLE AS MANY PEOPLE DRAW AT ONE TIME, THEN DRAWING ON THE POWER GRID FROM THE OTHER CITIES THAT ARE HOPEFULLY IN A DIFFERENT TIME ZONE OR PHASE OF WAKING ACTIVITY, THEN STATES AND COUNTRIES INTERCONNECTED, THEN BY PUTTING ON LINE GENERATORS THAT ARE PRE-STARTED AND STANDING-BY TO ADD AMPERAGE TO THE GRID.  WHEN EVERYTHING IS AT IT'S BEST THE ELECTRICAL COMPANIES HAVE ABOUT 20% MORE GENERATING CAPACITY THAN THEY NEED.  WITH LESS THAN THIS AMOUNT OF EXTRA GENERATING CAPACITY (AND THE WIRES, TRANSFORMERS AND SWITCHES), FLICKER,  BROWN OUTS, LOWER THAN RATED VOLTAGE AND COMPLETE OVERLOADS DO OCCUR AND WILL OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY IN THE NEAR FUTURE EVEN IN MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.    THE ELECTRICAL POWER GRID IS BEING AUTOMATED TO BE ABLE TO HAVE ROLLING POWER OUTAGES TO REDUCE THE NUMBER AND AREA OF COMPLETE POWER OUTAGES.   SMALLER PARTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CAN BE CUT OFF IF THEY HAVE POWER LINES DOWN IN DISASTERS AND THROUGH OVER LOAD OF UNDER SIZED SYSTEMS.   THIS WILL TAKE ABOUT 10 YEARS OR MORE TO GET 80% OR BETTER UPGRADE EVEN IN THE U.S.. 

7.      MAIN ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION LINES IN THE U.S. ARE USUALLY 7,620  VOLTS WITH VARYING AMPERAGE CARRIED IN TWO WIRES ON THE POLES.  ONE POSITIVE WIRE AND ONE  EARTH GROUND WIRE.  REMEMBER AT HIGHER VOLTAGE MORE AMPERAGE CAN BE CARRIED IN THE SAME SIZE AND TYPE OF WIRE.  THE VOLTAGE IS TRANSFORMED DOWN TO 120 AND 240 U.S. HOUSEHOLD VOLTAGE AT THE TRANSFORMER ON THE POLE.   THE POWER LINES AND ASSOCIATED ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BREAKER PANEL OF A U.S. HOME ARE NORMALLY SIZED TO HANDLE A 200 AMP MAXIMUM LOAD SAFELY.  7600 VOLTS MULTIPLIED BY 300 AMPS EQUALS 2,280,000 WATTS (2.28 MEGA WATTS).   ABOUT 65 HOMES COULD BE RUN AT FULL LOAD ON THIS POWER OR 2 TO 5  TIMES MORE HOMES (130 TO 325 HOMES) AT NORMAL TO REDUCED POWER USAGE.  THIS POWER IS AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT).  DC (DIRECT CURRENT) REQUIRES VERY LARGE WIRES TO CARRY AMPERAGE.   WE CANNOT GET THE GREAT RISE IN AMPERAGE BY INCREASING THE DC VOLTAGE AS WE CAN WITH AC.   (SEE 13 FOR ADDITIONAL DETAILS)

7.1.    RESIDENTIAL TRANSFORMERS IN THE U.S. ARE USUALLY 63.5 TO 1 RATIO;  7,620 VOLTS DIVIDED BY 63.5 EQUALS 120 VOLTS.  TWO LEADS OF 120 VOLTS LEAD TO THE METER PANEL AND INTO THE RESIDENCE FOR 120 AND 240 VOLT POWER. 

7.2.    THE MAIN POWER TRANSFORMER STATIONS ARE USUALLY FUSED OR HAVE RESETABLE BREAKERS TO 400 AMPS AT 7,620 VOLTS.  DISTRIBUTION LINES ARE USUALLY FUSED TO 70 AMPS. 

8.1.    IN FREEZING AREAS THE TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED AT ABOUT 15 C (59 F) MINIMUM WHEN NOT RUNNING FOR EMERGENCY GENERATORS WITH A BLOCK HEATER IN THE COOLANT WATER SYSTEM.   TO MAINTAIN OPERATING TEMPERATURES IN THE REQUIRED RANGE WE USE INSULATED ENCLOSURES AND HEAT ACTIVATED AUTOMATIC VENT LOUVERS TO MAINTAIN OPERATING TEMPERATURES AT ABOUT 110 C (230 F).

9 .     HAVE SOME 24 HOUR NO PUBLIC ELECTRICITY TESTS  WITH THE WHOLE FAMILY OR WORK GROUP.  HAVE AT LEAST CAPACITY TO POWER SOME LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR, NECESSARY MEDICAL DEVICES, BATTERY CHARGERS ( FOR CELL PHONES) AND YOUR COMPUTER.  MOST MULTI PHONE SYSTEMS REQUIRE ELECTRICAL POWER TO WORK.  HAVE ONE SIMPLE PHONE THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE A LITTLE TRANSFORMER WORKING TO POWER IT OR YOU WILL NOT HAVE PHONE SERVICE.   MOST NATURAL OR BOTTLED GAS POWERED APPLIANCES REQUIRE SMALL AMOUNTS OF ELECTRICITY FOR SENSORS AND CONTROLS TO OPERATE. 

10.    60 HERTZ 50 HERTZ IN GENERATORS?   HERTZ IS THE MODERN CORRECT TERM FOR WHAT WAS AND IS STILL OFTEN CALLED CYCLES, THE RATE AT WHICH ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CHANGES FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE EACH SECOND.  IN THE U.S. THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IS  60 HERTZ.   GENERATORS DESIGNED TO PRODUCE 60 HERTZ  CAN BE RUN AT SLOWER RPM AND PRODUCE 50 HERTZ. 1800 RPM 60 HERTZ RUN AT 1500 RPM WILL `PRODUCE 50 HERTZ BUT THE OUTPUT WILL BE 16.7 % LESS THAN THE OUTPUT AT 60 HERTZ.  1200 RPM AT 60 HERTZ OPERATED AT 1000 RPM PRODUCES 50 HERTZ.  

FOR EXAMPLE:  150 KW AT 60 HERTZ WILL BE 125 KW AT 50 HERTZ.  125 KW AT 60 HERTZ WILL BE 104 KW AT 50 HERTZ. 

10.1.    GOING UP FROM 50 HERTZ TO 60 HERTZ WOULD WORK THE SAME WAY BUT IS SELDOM DONE BECAUSE THERE IS NO EXCESS OF 50 HERTZ GENERATORS AND A GREAT EXCESS OF 60 HERTZ GENERATORS FROM CONSTANT GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT IN THE U.S. .   WITHIN ABOUT 20 YEARS THERE WILL BE ONE STANDARD.  

10.2.    AT THIS TIME THERE IS NO CHEAP WAY TO CHANGE THE GENERATOR TO GET FULL POTENTIAL AT THE LOWER HERTZ  WITHOUT REWINDING THE GENERATOR FIELDS AND ROTOR.   IN THE MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF TODAY IT IS NOT PRACTICAL TO REWIND GENERATORS UNLESS THEY ARE IN MASSIVE POWER GENERATION STATIONS OR THERE ARE LARGE NUMBERS OF THE SAME BRAND AND SIZE OF GOOD USED GENERATORS AVAILABLE, KNOWLEDGE AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE AT A LOW ENOUGH PRICE AND A MARKET TO BUY THEM MODIFIED.  

10.3.    AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION GENERATOR ENGINE DESIGNED FOR 60 HERTZ AND OPERATED AT THE RPM FOR 50 HERTZ WILL USE ABOUT 20% LESS FUEL AND WILL LAST ABOUT 20 TO 30% LONGER BEFORE IT COULD USE A REBUILD.  ABOUT 2 HP OF ENGINE POWER IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ONE KW OF ELECTRICITY.   AN ELECTRICALLY POWERED DEVICE HAS ABOUT HALF THE MOTOR HORSE POWER AS WOULD BE REQUIRED WITH AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.  A 2 HP ELECTRIC MOTOR EQUALS A 4 HP INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. 

11.    60 HERTZ 50 HERTZ IN ELECTRIC MOTORS?  MOTORS DESIGNED TO RUN AT 60 HERTZ COULD BE RUN AT 50 HERTZ  BUT THE RPM OUTPUT WILL BE 16.7 % LESS WHICH IS USUALLY NOT ACCEPTABLE FOR STANDARD APPLICATIONS.   THE ACTUAL WORK THE MOTOR CAN DO WILL BE 16.7 % LESS ALSO.  HIGHER HERTZ RATES GIVE SMOOTHER POWER OUTPUT.   IN MANY AIRPLANES POWER IS SUPPLIED AT 400 CYCLES TO SAVE WEIGHT IN TRANSFORMERS AND WIRING BETWEEN THE MANY SYSTEMS AND SENSORS REQUIRED.  

11.1.    RPM IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE HERTZ.  3 TIMES 60 EQUALS 1800 BUT THERE IS A SLIP FROM 1800 OF 4.166 %.  60 HERTZ MOTORS ARE GENERALLY DESIGNED TO RUN AT 1800 RPM OR 3600 RPM BUT WITH THE SLIP THE ACTUAL RPM IS 1725 OR 3450 RPM. THERE CAN BE OTHER RPM SPEEDS BUT THEY HAVE TO BE DESIGNED INTO THE ORIGINAL WINDING OF THE MOTORS. 

11.2.    AT THIS TIME THERE IS NO CHEAP WAY TO CHANGE ELECTRIC MOTORS TO GET FULL POTENTIAL AT THE LOWER HERTZ WITHOUT REWINDING THE MOTOR FIELDS AND ROTOR.   IN THE MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF TODAY IT IS NOT PRACTICAL TO REWIND MOTORS UNLESS THEY ARE VERY SPECIFIC IN USE AND FRAME DESIGN OR THERE ARE LARGE NUMBERS OF THE SAME BRAND AND SIZE OF GOOD USED MOTORS AVAILABLE, KNOWLEDGE AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE AT A LOW ENOUGH PRICE AND A MARKET TO BUY THEM MODIFIED.  IT IS CHEAPER TO BUY IT NEW RATHER THAN REWORK IT IF SHIPPING AND AVAILABILITY ARE NOT TOO BIG A FACTOR.   FOR MOST PRACTICAL PURPOSES THE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO DO THE REWORK IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE LESSER DEVELOPED AREAS OF THE WORLD SO ONLY NEW CAN BE BOUGHT.  THIS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS.  

12.    SINGLE PHASE 3 PHASE?  SINGLE PHASE120 VOLT OR 240 VOLT 60 HERTZ IS STANDARD IN THE U.S. FOR HOUSEHOLDS.   THERE ARE TWO 120 VOLT WIRES AND ONE SAFETY GROUND WIRE.  THIS IS USED FOR HOUSEHOLD LIGHTING, APPLIANCE AND  FOR SMALL ELECTRIC MOTORS UP TO ABOUT 7.5 HP MAXIMUM.  

12.1.    3 PHASE HAS 3 POSITIVE OR POWER WIRES AND ONE NEUTRAL WIRE AND OFTEN A SAFETY GROUND WIRE, HAS 110/220, 120/240*, 120/208, 208/416*, 240/416, 139/240, 230/460, 240/480*, 277/480 AND SOME OTHER VOLTAGES AND IS USED IN BIG BUSINESS WHERE ELECTRIC MOTORS OVER ABOUT 7.5 HP ARE REQUIRED.  THREE PHASE WIRING IS HIGHER COST TO HAVE INSTALLED BOTH IN BUILDINGS AND IN THE POWER COMPANY WIRING AT THE COMMON POWER LINES.  THERE IS AN EXTRA CHARGE OF ABOUT $2,000. MINIMUM FOR 3 PHASE AND IT IS NOT AVAILABLE ON THE OUTER AREAS OF THE POWER LINE SYSTEM UNLESS THE LINES ARE PAID FOR BY THE BUSINESS OR PERSON WHO WANTS THE 3 PHASE POWER.   

12.2.    THERE ARE PHASE CONVERTERS AVAILABLE TO CHANGE SINGLE PHASE TO 3 PHASE TO OPERATE ITEMS LIKE LATHES THAT HAVE 3 PHASE MOTORS UP TO ABOUT 7.5 HP.   THIS WOULD BE CHEAPER THAN GETTING 3 PHASE POWER LINES RUN FOR ONLY ONE OR A FEW SMALL 3 PHASE TOOLS.  THERE ARE TWO TYPES.  THE FIRST TYPE, THE CHEAPEST USES A CAPACITOR AND ONE OF THE SINGLE PHASE 240 VOLT WIRES AND MAKES IT INTO THE 3 PHASE FOR UP TO ABOUT 10 SECONDS TO GET THE MOTOR STATED THEN THE MOTOR RUNS ON SINGLE PHASE WITH 33% LESS POWER HOWEVER.  THESE COST FROM ABOUT $150. TO ABOUT $550.   THE SECOND TYPE USES A SINGLE PHASE MOTOR TO TURN A 3 PHASE GENERATOR AND WILL PRODUCE THE FULL POWER.   THESE COST ABOUT $700. TO ABOUT $1700. AND MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE FOR MOTORS OVER ABOUT 20 HP.     

13.    AC, DC?  AC CURRENT (ALSO KNOWN AS AMPERAGE, POWER, "JUICE") CAN BE TRANSPORTED WITH SMALLER WIRES THAN DC CURRENT (AMPERAGE, POWER).  BY INCREASING THE VOLTAGE LESS WIRE IS NEEDED TO MOVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF AC CURRENT.   DC POWER IS USED WHERE LOW VOLTAGE AND VARIABLE SPEED (RPM) MOTORS ARE REQUIRED.  

THOMAS EDISON,  A GREAT ELECTRICAL INVENTOR OF THE PAST CENTURY, BELIEVED IN DC POWER SYSTEMS BECAUSE THEY WERE SMOOTHER, EASILY VARIABLE AND DID NOT HAVE MUCH DANGER OF ELECTROCUTION.   THOMAS EDISON GOT HENRY FORD TO WIRE FORD'S FIRST HUGE "RIVER ROUGE" VEHICLE MANUFACTURING PLANT WITH DC POWER.  THIS DC SYSTEM WAS CHANGED IN LESS THAN 10 YEARS BECAUSE OF THE LARGE WIRE SIZE AND VOLTAGE DROP PROBLEMS WITH DC.  NIKOLA TESLA, ANOTHER GREAT ELECTRICAL INVENTOR OF THE PAST CENTURY, WAS HINDERED BY EDISON, BELIEVED IN AC POWER SYSTEMS THAT WE USE TODAY.  TESLA PATENTED THE FIRST WORKING AC MOTOR IN 1888.  GENERAL ELECTRIC GOT ITS START WITH AC GENERATORS, MOTORS AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT THAT TESLA HELPED DESIGN.      

14.     CHANGES THAT MAKE SENSE WORLDWIDE.  STANDARDIZE ON ONE HERTZ RATE.  STANDARDIZE ONE VOLTAGE PROBABLY 240 VOLTS (TWICE AS MUCH AMPERAGE WITH THE SAME SIZE WIRE;).  STANDARDIZE ELECTRIC MOTOR VOLTAGES AND RPM.  CHANGE TO THE METRIC SYSTEM.  ONLY THE U.S. AND ONE SMALL COUNTRY OF 120,000 PEOPLE USE THE ENGLISH SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.  ONE LANGUAGE; IF YOU WANT YOUR CHILDREN TO BE ABLE TO TRAVEL IN 10 OR 50 OR 200 OTHER COUNTRIES, PROSPER ECONOMICALLY AND TAKE BETTER CARE OF THEMSELVES AND YOU IN THE FUTURE  WHAT LANGUAGE WOULD HELP THEM THE MOST IN THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY?  FORGET NATIONALISM, IT WASTES TOO MUCH MONEY AND PROSPERITY.  THE BEST INVESTMENT IS IN PEOPLE ESPECIALLY YOUNG PEOPLE AND EVEN BETTER OUR OWN CHILDREN. 

15.    HOW AN AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (ATS) WORKS:  UTILITY POWER FAILS, THE AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH SENSES FAILURE AND SIGNALS THE GENERATOR TO START,  THE GENERATOR STARTS, THE GENERATOR BUILDS TO PRESET SPEED AND VOLTAGE, THE TRANSFER SWITCH DISCONNECTS FROM THE POWER GRID AND CONNECTS GENERATOR TO LOAD; THE ATS IS REQUIRED SO THERE IS NO BACK FEED TO POWER LINES, THERE IS AUTOMATIC START UP AND AUTOMATIC SHUT DOWN WHEN THE POWER IS RESTORED.  THE MOTOR ACTUALLY COOLS DOWN AT NO LOAD FOR AND AVERAGE OF ONE MINUTE BEFORE SHUTTING OFF.   

KEEP IN MIND THAT A COLD ENGINE DOES NOT RUN SMOOTH AND WELL INSTANTLY IT TAKES A LITTLE TIME. USUALLY ABOUT 5 TO 18 SECONDS IS REQUIRED.  A DEVICE CALLED A BLOCK HEATER THAT MAINTAINS THE COOLANT WATER OF AN EMERGENCY GENERATOR AT 38 DEGREES CELSIUS (100 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) IS OFTEN ADDED TO SPEED STARTING AND RUN UP TO LOAD CAPACITY. 

SINCE THE EMERGENCY POWER OFTEN USUALLY POWERS ONLY NECESSARY COMPUTER UPS'S, PHONES, LIGHTS, CONTROLS, AND MINIMAL REFRIGERATION IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO HAVE A GENERATOR OR ATS THAT IS CAPABLE OF RUNNING THE WHOLE SYSTEM WHICH FOR MOST AMERICAN HOMES AND SMALL OFFICES IS 200 AMP SERVICE.  AS AN EXAMPLE 10 KW OR LESS MIGHT BE SUFFICIENT FOR EMERGENCY POWER.  THE LINES THAT ARE DESIRED TO BE ON THE EMERGENCY POWER WOULD GO INTO A SMALL BREAKER PANEL THE ATS POWERS WHEN THERE IS A UTILITY POWER FAILURE.  (SINGLE PHASE, 60 HERTZ, 120/240 VOLTS, 84/42 AMPS;)  PREPLANNING FOR AN EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM WITH AN AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH IS MUCH CHEAPER THAN RETROFITTING A SYSTEM.  THE LINES THAT WOULD BE ON EMERGENCY POWER HAVE TO ISOLATED FROM THE MAIN ELECTRICAL PANEL OR THEY WILL TRY TO BACK FEED THE WHOLE SYSTEM UNLESS THE NON EMERGENCY LINES ARE SWITCHED OFF MANUALLY. 

IF WE WANT TO HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO POWER THE NORMAL MAXIMUM LOAD THE ATS AND THE GENERATOR IS SIZED TO 200 AMPS FOR A HOME SYSTEM. 

16.    LIFE EXPECTANCY OF GENERATORS:

16.1.    0.5 MW AND UP; 60 TO 80,000 HOURS (IF CONSTANT RUNNING THAT IS 7 TO 9.2 YEARS)

16.2.    EACH START ESPECIALLY WITH LOAD DECREASES THE LIFE EXPECTANCY;  "BLACK START" MEANS WITHOUT LOAD;

16.2.    NORMAL MAINTENANCE IS EVERY 10 TO 15,000 HOURS; (ABOUT 14 TO 20 MONTHS)

AVERAGE WEIGHT OF MATERIAL PER YARD DIGGING COMPACTED FILL DIRT, SAND AND GRAVEL:  2700 LBS (1225 KG),  PER CUBIC FOOT 100 LBS (45.36 KG); WET MATERIAL + 20%, ROCK AND ORES WILL USUALLY BE 30 TO 80% HEAVIER;

COMPLETE DETAILS ARE REQUIRED FOR PARTS SEARCH AND THE REASONS ARE:

NO LONGER AVAILABLE; LEFT FOR REFERENCE; 

5.1.5.     WAREHOUSE LIGHTS, GE 250 WATT; HIGH BAY HID MH FIXTURES; COST $400. EA. NO BULBS; HAVE 9; $400. FOR ALL;  LOUISIANA; DF-VW

5.1.48.    PHOTO(28K); $*; LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.49.     PHOTO(17K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.50.     PHOTO(15K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.52.     PHOTO(14K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.53.     PHOTO(24K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.54.     PHOTO(27K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.55.     PHOTO(13K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.56.     PHOTO(12K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW

5.1.57.     PHOTO(15K);  LOUISIANA; FR-LA-VW NO LONGER AVAILABLE; LEFT FOR REFERENCE;  

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